What effect does exclusive human milk have on the risk of NEC in preterm infants?

Exclusive human milk has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Research indicates that when preterm infants are exclusively fed with human milk, the incidence of NEC is markedly lower compared to those who receive formula or a mixed feeding approach.

The approximate reduction in risk is around 58%, which underscores the protective properties of human milk. These benefits are attributed to the presence of bioactive factors in human milk, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which promote gut health and support the immature digestive systems of preterm infants.

On the other hand, feeding practices that involve formula can increase the risk for NEC due to factors like inadequate nutrition, lower levels of protective antibodies, and other components that can be harsher on a developing gut. Thus, exclusive human milk feeding is vital in neonatal units for protecting vulnerable preterm infants from this serious gastrointestinal condition.