Which maternal anatomic condition is associated with a reduced milk supply?

The association between hypoplastic or tubular breast anatomy and reduced milk supply is well-documented in lactation studies. Hypoplastic breasts have insufficient glandular tissue, which typically means there are fewer milk-producing cells available to produce adequate milk. This anatomical variation can result in challenges for breastfeeding mothers, as they might struggle to produce enough milk to meet their infant's needs. In contrast, other conditions like flat nipples and unevenly sized areolas do not inherently affect the milk-producing capacity of the breast tissue itself. Therefore, the presence of hypoplastic or tubular breast tissue is directly linked to a potential reduction in milk supply, making it the most accurate choice in this context.