Which of the following infections is NOT transmitted through breast milk?

Rubella is a viral infection that is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with an infected person, rather than through breast milk. Therefore, unlike the other infections listed, rubella does not pose a risk of transmission through breastfeeding.

HIV, HTLV I, and CMV are known to be transmitted through breast milk. Mothers who are HIV positive can transmit the virus to their infants through breast milk, which is why it’s recommended that they consider alternatives to breastfeeding. Similarly, HTLV I can also be passed on via breastfeeding, and CMV, while generally harmless to most healthy infants, can be transmitted through breast milk to premature infants or those with weakened immune systems.

Understanding the modes of transmission for various infections reinforces the importance of careful consideration of breastfeeding practices, especially for mothers with certain infections, while acknowledging that rubella does not involve breastfeeding as a transmission route.